Version 3.1.0
"""
This is an object-oriented plotting library.
A procedural interface is provided by the companion pyplot module,
which may be imported directly, e.g.::
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
or using ipython::
ipython
at your terminal, followed by::
In [1]: %matplotlib
In [2]: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
at the ipython shell prompt.
For the most part, direct use of the object-oriented library is
encouraged when programming; pyplot is primarily for working
interactively. The
exceptions are the pyplot commands :func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.figure`,
:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplot`,
:func:`~matplotlib.pyplot.subplots`, and
:func:`~pyplot.savefig`, which can greatly simplify scripting.
Modules include:
:mod:`matplotlib.axes`
defines the :class:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes` class. Most pyplot
commands are wrappers for :class:`~matplotlib.axes.Axes`
methods. The axes module is the highest level of OO access to
the library.
:mod:`matplotlib.figure`
defines the :class:`~matplotlib.figure.Figure` class.
:mod:`matplotlib.artist`
defines the :class:`~matplotlib.artist.Artist` base class for
all classes that draw things.
:mod:`matplotlib.lines`
defines the :class:`~matplotlib.lines.Line2D` class for
drawing lines and markers
:mod:`matplotlib.patches`
defines classes for drawing polygons
:mod:`matplotlib.text`
defines the :class:`~matplotlib.text.Text`,
:class:`~matplotlib.text.TextWithDash`, and
:class:`~matplotlib.text.Annotate` classes
:mod:`matplotlib.image`
defines the :class:`~matplotlib.image.AxesImage` and
:class:`~matplotlib.image.FigureImage` classes
:mod:`matplotlib.collections`
classes for efficient drawing of groups of lines or polygons
:mod:`matplotlib.colors`
classes for interpreting color specifications and for making
colormaps
:mod:`matplotlib.cm`
colormaps and the :class:`~matplotlib.image.ScalarMappable`
mixin class for providing color mapping functionality to other
classes
:mod:`matplotlib.ticker`
classes for calculating tick mark locations and for formatting
tick labels
:mod:`matplotlib.backends`
a subpackage with modules for various gui libraries and output
formats
The base matplotlib namespace includes:
:data:`~matplotlib.rcParams`
a global dictionary of default configuration settings. It is
initialized by code which may be overridden by a matplotlibrc
file.
:func:`~matplotlib.rc`
a function for setting groups of rcParams values
:func:`~matplotlib.use`
a function for setting the matplotlib backend. If used, this
function must be called immediately after importing matplotlib
for the first time. In particular, it must be called
**before** importing pyplot (if pyplot is imported).
matplotlib was initially written by John D. Hunter (1968-2012) and is now
developed and maintained by a host of others.
Occasionally the internal documentation (python docstrings) will refer
to MATLAB®, a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.
"""
# NOTE: This file must remain Python 2 compatible for the foreseeable future,
# to ensure that we error out properly for existing editable installs.
import sys
if sys.version_info < (3, 5): # noqa: E402
raise ImportError("""
Matplotlib 3.0+ does not support Python 2.x, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, or 3.4.
Beginning with Matplotlib 3.0, Python 3.5 and above is required.
See Matplotlib `INSTALL.rst` file for more information:
https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/blob/master/INSTALL.rst
""")
import atexit
from collections import namedtuple
from collections.abc import MutableMapping
import contextlib
from distutils.version import LooseVersion
import functools
import importlib
import inspect
from inspect import Parameter
import locale
import logging
import os
from pathlib import Path
import pprint
import re
import shutil
import subprocess
import tempfile
# cbook must import matplotlib only within function
# definitions, so it is safe to import from it here.
from . import cbook, rcsetup
from matplotlib.cbook import (
MatplotlibDeprecationWarning, dedent, get_label, sanitize_sequence)
from matplotlib.cbook import mplDeprecation # deprecated
from matplotlib.rcsetup import defaultParams, validate_backend, cycler
import numpy
# Get the version from the _version.py versioneer file. For a git checkout,
# this is computed based on the number of commits since the last tag.
from ._version import get_versions
__version__ = str(get_versions()['version'])
del get_versions
_log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
__bibtex__ = r"""@Article{Hunter:2007,
Author = {Hunter, J. D.},
Title = {Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment},
Journal = {Computing in Science \& Engineering},
Volume = {9},
Number = {3},
Pages = {90--95},
abstract = {Matplotlib is a 2D graphics package used for Python
for application development, interactive scripting, and
publication-quality image generation across user
interfaces and operating systems.},
publisher = {IEEE COMPUTER SOC},
year = 2007
}"""
def compare_versions(a, b):
"Return whether version *a* is greater than or equal to version *b*."
if isinstance(a, bytes):
cbook.warn_deprecated(
"3.0", message="compare_versions arguments should be strs.")
a = a.decode('ascii')
if isinstance(b, bytes):
cbook.warn_deprecated(
"3.0", message="compare_versions arguments should be strs.")
b = b.decode('ascii')
if a:
return LooseVersion(a) >= LooseVersion(b)
else:
return False
def _check_versions():
for modname, minver in [
("cycler", "0.10"),
("dateutil", "2.1"),
("kiwisolver", "1.0.1"),
("numpy", "1.11"),
("pyparsing", "2.0.1"),
]:
module = importlib.import_module(modname)
if LooseVersion(module.__version__) < minver:
raise ImportError("Matplotlib requires {}>={}; you have {}"
.format(modname, minver, module.__version__))
_check_versions()
if not hasattr(sys, 'argv'): # for modpython
sys.argv = ['modpython']
# The decorator ensures this always returns the same handler (and it is only
# attached once).
@functools.lru_cache()
def _ensure_handler():
"""
The first time this function is called, attach a `StreamHandler` using the
same format as `logging.basicConfig` to the Matplotlib root logger.
Return this handler every time this function is called.
"""
handler = logging.StreamHandler()
handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(logging.BASIC_FORMAT))
_log.addHandler(handler)
return handler
[docs]def set_loglevel(level):
"""
Sets the Matplotlib's root logger and root logger handler level, creating
the handler if it does not exist yet.
Typically, one should call ``set_loglevel("info")`` or
``set_loglevel("debug")`` to get additional debugging information.
Parameters
----------
level : {"notset", "debug", "info", "warning", "error", "critical"}
The log level of the handler.
Notes
-----
The first time this function is called, an additional handler is attached
to Matplotlib's root handler; this handler is reused every time and this
function simply manipulates the logger and handler's level.
"""
_log.setLevel(level.upper())
_ensure_handler().setLevel(level.upper())
def _logged_cached(fmt, func=None):
"""
Decorator that logs a function's return value, and memoizes that value.
After ::
@_logged_cached(fmt)
def func(): ...
the first call to *func* will log its return value at the DEBUG level using
%-format string *fmt*, and memoize it; later calls to *func* will directly
return that value.
"""
if func is None: # Return the actual decorator.
return functools.partial(_logged_cached, fmt)
called = False
ret = None
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper():
nonlocal called, ret
if not called:
ret = func()
called = True
_log.debug(fmt, ret)
return ret
return wrapper
_ExecInfo = namedtuple("_ExecInfo", "executable version")
@functools.lru_cache()
def _get_executable_info(name):
"""
Get the version of some executable that Matplotlib optionally depends on.
.. warning:
The list of executables that this function supports is set according to
Matplotlib's internal needs, and may change without notice.
Parameters
----------
name : str
The executable to query. The following values are currently supported:
"dvipng", "gs", "inkscape", "magick", "pdftops". This list is subject
to change without notice.
Returns
-------
If the executable is found, a namedtuple with fields ``executable`` (`str`)
and ``version`` (`distutils.version.LooseVersion`, or ``None`` if the
version cannot be determined).
Raises
------
FileNotFoundError
If the executable is not found or older than the oldest version
supported by Matplotlib.
ValueError
If the executable is not one that we know how to query.
"""
def impl(args, regex, min_ver=None):
# Execute the subprocess specified by args; capture stdout and stderr.
# Search for a regex match in the output; if the match succeeds, the
# first group of the match is the version.
# Return an _ExecInfo if the executable exists, and has a version of
# at least min_ver (if set); else, raise FileNotFoundError.
output = subprocess.check_output(
args, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, universal_newlines=True)
match = re.search(regex, output)
if match:
version = LooseVersion(match.group(1))
if min_ver is not None and version < min_ver:
raise FileNotFoundError(
f"You have {args[0]} version {version} but the minimum "
f"version supported by Matplotlib is {min_ver}.")
return _ExecInfo(args[0], version)
else:
raise FileNotFoundError(
f"Failed to determine the version of {args[0]} from "
f"{' '.join(args)}, which output {output}")
if name == "dvipng":
return impl(["dvipng", "-version"], "(?m)^dvipng .* (.+)", "1.6")
elif name == "gs":
execs = (["gswin32c", "gswin64c", "mgs", "gs"] # "mgs" for miktex.
if sys.platform == "win32" else
["gs"])
for e in execs:
try:
return impl([e, "--version"], "(.*)", "9")
except FileNotFoundError:
pass
raise FileNotFoundError("Failed to find a Ghostscript installation")
elif name == "inkscape":
return impl(["inkscape", "-V"], "^Inkscape ([^ ]*)")
elif name == "magick":
path = None
if sys.platform == "win32":
# Check the registry to avoid confusing ImageMagick's convert with
# Windows's builtin convert.exe.
import winreg
binpath = ""
for flag in [0, winreg.KEY_WOW64_32KEY, winreg.KEY_WOW64_64KEY]:
try:
with winreg.OpenKeyEx(
winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
r"Software\Imagemagick\Current",
0, winreg.KEY_QUERY_VALUE | flag) as hkey:
binpath = winreg.QueryValueEx(hkey, "BinPath")[0]
except OSError:
pass
if binpath:
for name in ["convert.exe", "magick.exe"]:
candidate = Path(binpath, name)
if candidate.exists():
path = str(candidate)
break
else:
path = "convert"
if path is None:
raise FileNotFoundError(
"Failed to find an ImageMagick installation")
return impl([path, "--version"], r"^Version: ImageMagick (\S*)")
elif name == "pdftops":
info = impl(["pdftops", "-v"], "^pdftops version (.*)")
if info and not ("3.0" <= info.version
# poppler version numbers.
or "0.9" <= info.version <= "1.0"):
raise FileNotFoundError(
f"You have pdftops version {info.version} but the minimum "
f"version supported by Matplotlib is 3.0.")
return info
else:
raise ValueError("Unknown executable: {!r}".format(name))
@cbook.deprecated("3.1")
def checkdep_dvipng():
try:
s = subprocess.Popen(['dvipng', '-version'],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
line = stdout.decode('ascii').split('\n')[1]
v = line.split()[-1]
return v
except (IndexError, ValueError, OSError):
return None
@cbook.deprecated("3.1")
def checkdep_ghostscript():
if checkdep_ghostscript.executable is None:
if sys.platform == 'win32':
# mgs is the name in miktex
gs_execs = ['gswin32c', 'gswin64c', 'mgs', 'gs']
else:
gs_execs = ['gs']
for gs_exec in gs_execs:
try:
s = subprocess.Popen(
[gs_exec, '--version'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
if s.returncode == 0:
v = stdout[:-1].decode('ascii')
if compare_versions(v, '9.0'):
checkdep_ghostscript.executable = gs_exec
checkdep_ghostscript.version = v
except (IndexError, ValueError, OSError):
pass
return checkdep_ghostscript.executable, checkdep_ghostscript.version
checkdep_ghostscript.executable = None
checkdep_ghostscript.version = None
@cbook.deprecated("3.1")
def checkdep_pdftops():
try:
s = subprocess.Popen(['pdftops', '-v'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
lines = stderr.decode('ascii').split('\n')
for line in lines:
if 'version' in line:
v = line.split()[-1]
return v
except (IndexError, ValueError, UnboundLocalError, OSError):
return None
@cbook.deprecated("3.1")
def checkdep_inkscape():
if checkdep_inkscape.version is None:
try:
s = subprocess.Popen(['inkscape', '-V'],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
stdout, stderr = s.communicate()
lines = stdout.decode('ascii').split('\n')
for line in lines:
if 'Inkscape' in line:
v = line.split()[1]
break
checkdep_inkscape.version = v
except (IndexError, ValueError, UnboundLocalError, OSError):
pass
return checkdep_inkscape.version
checkdep_inkscape.version = None
def checkdep_ps_distiller(s):
if not s:
return False
try:
_get_executable_info("gs")
except FileNotFoundError:
_log.warning(
"Setting rcParams['ps.usedistiller'] requires ghostscript.")
return False
if s == "xpdf":
try:
_get_executable_info("pdftops")
except FileNotFoundError:
_log.warning(
"Setting rcParams['ps.usedistiller'] to 'xpdf' requires xpdf.")
return False
return s
def checkdep_usetex(s):
if not s:
return False
if not shutil.which("tex"):
_log.warning("usetex mode requires TeX.")
return False
try:
_get_executable_info("dvipng")
except FileNotFoundError:
_log.warning("usetex mode requires dvipng.")
return False
try:
_get_executable_info("gs")
except FileNotFoundError:
_log.warning("usetex mode requires ghostscript.")
return False
return True
@_logged_cached('$HOME=%s')
def get_home():
"""
Return the user's home directory.
If the user's home directory cannot be found, return None.
"""
try:
return str(Path.home())
except Exception:
return None
def _create_tmp_config_or_cache_dir():
"""
If the config or cache directory cannot be created, create a temporary one.
"""
configdir = os.environ['MPLCONFIGDIR'] = (
tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='matplotlib-'))
atexit.register(shutil.rmtree, configdir)
return configdir
def _get_xdg_config_dir():
"""
Return the XDG configuration directory, according to the `XDG
base directory spec
<http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html>`_.
"""
return (os.environ.get('XDG_CONFIG_HOME')
or (str(Path(get_home(), ".config"))
if get_home()
else None))
def _get_xdg_cache_dir():
"""
Return the XDG cache directory, according to the `XDG
base directory spec
<http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html>`_.
"""
return (os.environ.get('XDG_CACHE_HOME')
or (str(Path(get_home(), ".cache"))
if get_home()
else None))
def _get_config_or_cache_dir(xdg_base):
configdir = os.environ.get('MPLCONFIGDIR')
if configdir:
configdir = Path(configdir).resolve()
elif sys.platform.startswith(('linux', 'freebsd')) and xdg_base:
configdir = Path(xdg_base, "matplotlib")
elif get_home():
configdir = Path(get_home(), ".matplotlib")
else:
configdir = None
if configdir:
try:
configdir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
except OSError:
pass
else:
if os.access(str(configdir), os.W_OK) and configdir.is_dir():
return str(configdir)
return _create_tmp_config_or_cache_dir()
@_logged_cached('CONFIGDIR=%s')
def get_configdir():
"""
Return the string representing the configuration directory.
The directory is chosen as follows:
1. If the MPLCONFIGDIR environment variable is supplied, choose that.
2a. On Linux, follow the XDG specification and look first in
`$XDG_CONFIG_HOME`, if defined, or `$HOME/.config`.
2b. On other platforms, choose `$HOME/.matplotlib`.
3. If the chosen directory exists and is writable, use that as the
configuration directory.
4. If possible, create a temporary directory, and use it as the
configuration directory.
5. A writable directory could not be found or created; return None.
"""
return _get_config_or_cache_dir(_get_xdg_config_dir())
@_logged_cached('CACHEDIR=%s')
def get_cachedir():
"""
Return the location of the cache directory.
The procedure used to find the directory is the same as for
_get_config_dir, except using `$XDG_CACHE_HOME`/`~/.cache` instead.
"""
return _get_config_or_cache_dir(_get_xdg_cache_dir())
def _get_data_path():
'get the path to matplotlib data'
if 'MATPLOTLIBDATA' in os.environ:
path = os.environ['MATPLOTLIBDATA']
if not os.path.isdir(path):
raise RuntimeError('Path in environment MATPLOTLIBDATA not a '
'directory')
cbook.warn_deprecated(
"3.1", name="MATPLOTLIBDATA", obj_type="environment variable")
return path
def get_candidate_paths():
yield Path(__file__).with_name('mpl-data')
# setuptools' namespace_packages may hijack this init file
# so need to try something known to be in Matplotlib, not basemap.
import matplotlib.afm
yield Path(matplotlib.afm.__file__).with_name('mpl-data')
# py2exe zips pure python, so still need special check.
if getattr(sys, 'frozen', None):
yield Path(sys.executable).with_name('mpl-data')
# Try again assuming we need to step up one more directory.
yield Path(sys.executable).parent.with_name('mpl-data')
# Try again assuming sys.path[0] is a dir not a exe.
yield Path(sys.path[0]) / 'mpl-data'
for path in get_candidate_paths():
if path.is_dir():
return str(path)
raise RuntimeError('Could not find the matplotlib data files')
@_logged_cached('matplotlib data path: %s')
def get_data_path():
if defaultParams['datapath'][0] is None:
defaultParams['datapath'][0] = _get_data_path()
return defaultParams['datapath'][0]
@cbook.deprecated("3.1")
def get_py2exe_datafiles():
data_path = Path(get_data_path())
d = {}
for path in filter(Path.is_file, data_path.glob("**/*")):
(d.setdefault(str(path.parent.relative_to(data_path.parent)), [])
.append(str(path)))
return list(d.items())
[docs]def matplotlib_fname():
"""
Get the location of the config file.
The file location is determined in the following order
- ``$PWD/matplotlibrc``
- ``$MATPLOTLIBRC`` if it is not a directory
- ``$MATPLOTLIBRC/matplotlibrc``
- ``$MPLCONFIGDIR/matplotlibrc``
- On Linux,
- ``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/matplotlib/matplotlibrc`` (if ``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME``
is defined)
- or ``$HOME/.config/matplotlib/matplotlibrc`` (if ``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME``
is not defined)
- On other platforms,
- ``$HOME/.matplotlib/matplotlibrc`` if ``$HOME`` is defined
- Lastly, it looks in ``$MATPLOTLIBDATA/matplotlibrc``, which should always
exist.
"""
def gen_candidates():
yield os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'matplotlibrc')
try:
matplotlibrc = os.environ['MATPLOTLIBRC']
except KeyError:
pass
else:
yield matplotlibrc
yield os.path.join(matplotlibrc, 'matplotlibrc')
yield os.path.join(get_configdir(), 'matplotlibrc')
yield os.path.join(get_data_path(), 'matplotlibrc')
for fname in gen_candidates():
if os.path.exists(fname) and not os.path.isdir(fname):
return fname
raise RuntimeError("Could not find matplotlibrc file; your Matplotlib "
"install is broken")
# rcParams deprecated and automatically mapped to another key.
# Values are tuples of (version, new_name, f_old2new, f_new2old).
_deprecated_map = {}
# rcParams deprecated; some can manually be mapped to another key.
# Values are tuples of (version, new_name_or_None).
_deprecated_ignore_map = {
'pgf.debug': ('3.0', None),
}
# rcParams deprecated; can use None to suppress warnings; remain actually
# listed in the rcParams (not included in _all_deprecated).
# Values are tuples of (version,)
_deprecated_remain_as_none = {
'text.latex.unicode': ('3.0',),
'savefig.frameon': ('3.1',),
'verbose.fileo': ('3.1',),
'verbose.level': ('3.1',),
}
_all_deprecated = {*_deprecated_map, *_deprecated_ignore_map}
[docs]class RcParams(MutableMapping, dict):
"""
A dictionary object including validation
validating functions are defined and associated with rc parameters in
:mod:`matplotlib.rcsetup`
"""
validate = {key: converter
for key, (default, converter) in defaultParams.items()
if key not in _all_deprecated}
@cbook.deprecated("3.0")
@property
def msg_depr(self):
return "%s is deprecated and replaced with %s; please use the latter."
@cbook.deprecated("3.0")
@property
def msg_depr_ignore(self):
return "%s is deprecated and ignored. Use %s instead."
@cbook.deprecated("3.0")
@property
def msg_depr_set(self):
return ("%s is deprecated. Please remove it from your matplotlibrc "
"and/or style files.")
@cbook.deprecated("3.0")
@property
def msg_obsolete(self):
return ("%s is obsolete. Please remove it from your matplotlibrc "
"and/or style files.")
@cbook.deprecated("3.0")
@property
def msg_backend_obsolete(self):
return ("The {} rcParam was deprecated in version 2.2. In order to "
"force the use of a specific Qt binding, either import that "
"binding first, or set the QT_API environment variable.")
# validate values on the way in
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.update(*args, **kwargs)
def __setitem__(self, key, val):
try:
if key in _deprecated_map:
version, alt_key, alt_val, inverse_alt = _deprecated_map[key]
cbook.warn_deprecated(
version, name=key, obj_type="rcparam", alternative=alt_key)
key = alt_key
val = alt_val(val)
elif key in _deprecated_remain_as_none and val is not None:
version, = _deprecated_remain_as_none[key]
cbook.warn_deprecated(
version, name=key, obj_type="rcparam")
elif key in _deprecated_ignore_map:
version, alt_key = _deprecated_ignore_map[key]
cbook.warn_deprecated(
version, name=key, obj_type="rcparam", alternative=alt_key)
return
elif key == 'examples.directory':
cbook.warn_deprecated(
"3.0", name=key, obj_type="rcparam", addendum="In the "
"future, examples will be found relative to the "
"'datapath' directory.")
elif key == 'backend':
if val is rcsetup._auto_backend_sentinel:
if 'backend' in self:
return
try:
cval = self.validate[key](val)
except ValueError as ve:
raise ValueError("Key %s: %s" % (key, str(ve)))
dict.__setitem__(self, key, cval)
except KeyError:
raise KeyError(
f"{key} is not a valid rc parameter (see rcParams.keys() for "
f"a list of valid parameters)")
def __getitem__(self, key):
if key in _deprecated_map:
version, alt_key, alt_val, inverse_alt = _deprecated_map[key]
cbook.warn_deprecated(
version, name=key, obj_type="rcparam", alternative=alt_key)
return inverse_alt(dict.__getitem__(self, alt_key))
elif key in _deprecated_ignore_map:
version, alt_key = _deprecated_ignore_map[key]
cbook.warn_deprecated(
version, name=key, obj_type="rcparam", alternative=alt_key)
return dict.__getitem__(self, alt_key) if alt_key else None
elif key == 'examples.directory':
cbook.warn_deprecated(
"3.0", name=key, obj_type="rcparam", addendum="In the future, "
"examples will be found relative to the 'datapath' directory.")
elif key == "backend":
val = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
if val is rcsetup._auto_backend_sentinel:
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.switch_backend(rcsetup._auto_backend_sentinel)
return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
def __repr__(self):
class_name = self.__class__.__name__
indent = len(class_name) + 1
repr_split = pprint.pformat(dict(self), indent=1,
width=80 - indent).split('\n')
repr_indented = ('\n' + ' ' * indent).join(repr_split)
return '{}({})'.format(class_name, repr_indented)
def __str__(self):
return '\n'.join(map('{0[0]}: {0[1]}'.format, sorted(self.items())))
def __iter__(self):
"""Yield sorted list of keys."""
with cbook._suppress_matplotlib_deprecation_warning():
yield from sorted(dict.__iter__(self))
def __len__(self):
return dict.__len__(self)
[docs] def find_all(self, pattern):
"""
Return the subset of this RcParams dictionary whose keys match,
using :func:`re.search`, the given ``pattern``.
.. note::
Changes to the returned dictionary are *not* propagated to
the parent RcParams dictionary.
"""
pattern_re = re.compile(pattern)
return RcParams((key, value)
for key, value in self.items()
if pattern_re.search(key))
[docs]def rc_params(fail_on_error=False):
"""Return a :class:`matplotlib.RcParams` instance from the
default matplotlib rc file.
"""
return rc_params_from_file(matplotlib_fname(), fail_on_error)
URL_REGEX = re.compile(r'http://|https://|ftp://|file://|file:\\')
def is_url(filename):
"""Return True if string is an http, ftp, or file URL path."""
return URL_REGEX.match(filename) is not None
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _open_file_or_url(fname):
if is_url(fname):
import urllib.request
with urllib.request.urlopen(fname) as f:
yield (line.decode('utf-8') for line in f)
else:
fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding(do_setlocale=False)
if encoding is None:
encoding = "utf-8"
with open(fname, encoding=encoding) as f:
yield f
_error_details_fmt = 'line #%d\n\t"%s"\n\tin file "%s"'
def _rc_params_in_file(fname, fail_on_error=False):
"""Return :class:`matplotlib.RcParams` from the contents of the given file.
Unlike `rc_params_from_file`, the configuration class only contains the
parameters specified in the file (i.e. default values are not filled in).
"""
cnt = 0
rc_temp = {}
with _open_file_or_url(fname) as fd:
try:
for line in fd:
cnt += 1
strippedline = line.split('#', 1)[0].strip()
if not strippedline:
continue
tup = strippedline.split(':', 1)
if len(tup) != 2:
error_details = _error_details_fmt % (cnt, line, fname)
_log.warning('Illegal %s', error_details)
continue
key, val = tup
key = key.strip()
val = val.strip()
if key in rc_temp:
_log.warning('Duplicate key in file %r line #%d.',
fname, cnt)
rc_temp[key] = (val, line, cnt)
except UnicodeDecodeError:
_log.warning('Cannot decode configuration file %s with encoding '
'%s, check LANG and LC_* variables.',
fname,
locale.getpreferredencoding(do_setlocale=False)
or 'utf-8 (default)')
raise
config = RcParams()
for key, (val, line, cnt) in rc_temp.items():
if key in defaultParams:
if fail_on_error:
config[key] = val # try to convert to proper type or raise
else:
try:
config[key] = val # try to convert to proper type or skip
except Exception as msg:
error_details = _error_details_fmt % (cnt, line, fname)
_log.warning('Bad val %r on %s\n\t%s',
val, error_details, msg)
elif key in _deprecated_ignore_map:
version, alt_key = _deprecated_ignore_map[key]
cbook.warn_deprecated(
version, name=key, alternative=alt_key,
addendum="Please update your matplotlibrc.")
else:
print("""
Bad key "%s" on line %d in
%s.
You probably need to get an updated matplotlibrc file from
http://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/blob/master/matplotlibrc.template
or from the matplotlib source distribution""" % (key, cnt, fname),
file=sys.stderr)
return config
[docs]def rc_params_from_file(fname, fail_on_error=False, use_default_template=True):
"""Return :class:`matplotlib.RcParams` from the contents of the given file.
Parameters
----------
fname : str
Name of file parsed for matplotlib settings.
fail_on_error : bool
If True, raise an error when the parser fails to convert a parameter.
use_default_template : bool
If True, initialize with default parameters before updating with those
in the given file. If False, the configuration class only contains the
parameters specified in the file. (Useful for updating dicts.)
"""
config_from_file = _rc_params_in_file(fname, fail_on_error)
if not use_default_template:
return config_from_file
iter_params = defaultParams.items()
with cbook._suppress_matplotlib_deprecation_warning():
config = RcParams([(key, default) for key, (default, _) in iter_params
if key not in _all_deprecated])
config.update(config_from_file)
if config['datapath'] is None:
config['datapath'] = get_data_path()
if "".join(config['text.latex.preamble']):
_log.info("""
*****************************************************************
You have the following UNSUPPORTED LaTeX preamble customizations:
%s
Please do not ask for support with these customizations active.
*****************************************************************
""", '\n'.join(config['text.latex.preamble']))
_log.debug('loaded rc file %s', fname)
return config
# this is the instance used by the matplotlib classes
rcParams = rc_params()
# Don't trigger deprecation warning when just fetching.
if dict.__getitem__(rcParams, 'examples.directory'):
# paths that are intended to be relative to matplotlib_fname()
# are allowed for the examples.directory parameter.
# However, we will need to fully qualify the path because
# Sphinx requires absolute paths.
if not os.path.isabs(rcParams['examples.directory']):
_basedir, _fname = os.path.split(matplotlib_fname())
# Sometimes matplotlib_fname() can return relative paths,
# Also, using realpath() guarantees that Sphinx will use
# the same path that matplotlib sees (in case of weird symlinks).
_basedir = os.path.realpath(_basedir)
_fullpath = os.path.join(_basedir, rcParams['examples.directory'])
rcParams['examples.directory'] = _fullpath
with cbook._suppress_matplotlib_deprecation_warning():
rcParamsOrig = RcParams(rcParams.copy())
rcParamsDefault = RcParams([(key, default) for key, (default, converter) in
defaultParams.items()
if key not in _all_deprecated])
rcParams['ps.usedistiller'] = checkdep_ps_distiller(
rcParams['ps.usedistiller'])
if rcParams['axes.formatter.use_locale']:
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
[docs]def rc(group, **kwargs):
"""
Set the current rc params. *group* is the grouping for the rc, e.g.,
for ``lines.linewidth`` the group is ``lines``, for
``axes.facecolor``, the group is ``axes``, and so on. Group may
also be a list or tuple of group names, e.g., (*xtick*, *ytick*).
*kwargs* is a dictionary attribute name/value pairs, e.g.,::
rc('lines', linewidth=2, color='r')
sets the current rc params and is equivalent to::
rcParams['lines.linewidth'] = 2
rcParams['lines.color'] = 'r'
The following aliases are available to save typing for interactive
users:
===== =================
Alias Property
===== =================
'lw' 'linewidth'
'ls' 'linestyle'
'c' 'color'
'fc' 'facecolor'
'ec' 'edgecolor'
'mew' 'markeredgewidth'
'aa' 'antialiased'
===== =================
Thus you could abbreviate the above rc command as::
rc('lines', lw=2, c='r')
Note you can use python's kwargs dictionary facility to store
dictionaries of default parameters. e.g., you can customize the
font rc as follows::
font = {'family' : 'monospace',
'weight' : 'bold',
'size' : 'larger'}
rc('font', **font) # pass in the font dict as kwargs
This enables you to easily switch between several configurations. Use
``matplotlib.style.use('default')`` or :func:`~matplotlib.rcdefaults` to
restore the default rc params after changes.
"""
aliases = {
'lw': 'linewidth',
'ls': 'linestyle',
'c': 'color',
'fc': 'facecolor',
'ec': 'edgecolor',
'mew': 'markeredgewidth',
'aa': 'antialiased',
}
if isinstance(group, str):
group = (group,)
for g in group:
for k, v in kwargs.items():
name = aliases.get(k) or k
key = '%s.%s' % (g, name)
try:
rcParams[key] = v
except KeyError:
raise KeyError(('Unrecognized key "%s" for group "%s" and '
'name "%s"') % (key, g, name))
[docs]def rcdefaults():
"""
Restore the rc params from Matplotlib's internal default style.
Style-blacklisted rc params (defined in
`matplotlib.style.core.STYLE_BLACKLIST`) are not updated.
See Also
--------
rc_file_defaults
Restore the rc params from the rc file originally loaded by Matplotlib.
matplotlib.style.use :
Use a specific style file. Call ``style.use('default')`` to restore
the default style.
"""
# Deprecation warnings were already handled when creating rcParamsDefault,
# no need to reemit them here.
with cbook._suppress_matplotlib_deprecation_warning():
from .style.core import STYLE_BLACKLIST
rcParams.clear()
rcParams.update({k: v for k, v in rcParamsDefault.items()
if k not in STYLE_BLACKLIST})
[docs]def rc_file_defaults():
"""
Restore the rc params from the original rc file loaded by Matplotlib.
Style-blacklisted rc params (defined in
`matplotlib.style.core.STYLE_BLACKLIST`) are not updated.
"""
# Deprecation warnings were already handled when creating rcParamsOrig, no
# need to reemit them here.
with cbook._suppress_matplotlib_deprecation_warning():
from .style.core import STYLE_BLACKLIST
rcParams.update({k: rcParamsOrig[k] for k in rcParamsOrig
if k not in STYLE_BLACKLIST})
[docs]def rc_file(fname, *, use_default_template=True):
"""
Update rc params from file.
Style-blacklisted rc params (defined in
`matplotlib.style.core.STYLE_BLACKLIST`) are not updated.
Parameters
----------
fname : str
Name of file parsed for matplotlib settings.
use_default_template : bool
If True, initialize with default parameters before updating with those
in the given file. If False, the current configuration persists
and only the parameters specified in the file are updated.
"""
# Deprecation warnings were already handled in rc_params_from_file, no need
# to reemit them here.
with cbook._suppress_matplotlib_deprecation_warning():
from .style.core import STYLE_BLACKLIST
rc_from_file = rc_params_from_file(
fname, use_default_template=use_default_template)
rcParams.update({k: rc_from_file[k] for k in rc_from_file
if k not in STYLE_BLACKLIST})
[docs]class rc_context:
"""
Return a context manager for managing rc settings.
This allows one to do::
with mpl.rc_context(fname='screen.rc'):
plt.plot(x, a)
with mpl.rc_context(fname='print.rc'):
plt.plot(x, b)
plt.plot(x, c)
The 'a' vs 'x' and 'c' vs 'x' plots would have settings from
'screen.rc', while the 'b' vs 'x' plot would have settings from
'print.rc'.
A dictionary can also be passed to the context manager::
with mpl.rc_context(rc={'text.usetex': True}, fname='screen.rc'):
plt.plot(x, a)
The 'rc' dictionary takes precedence over the settings loaded from
'fname'. Passing a dictionary only is also valid. For example a
common usage is::
with mpl.rc_context(rc={'interactive': False}):
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(range(3), range(3))
fig.savefig('A.png', format='png')
plt.close(fig)
"""
# While it may seem natural to implement rc_context using
# contextlib.contextmanager, that would entail always calling the finally:
# clause of the contextmanager (which restores the original rcs) including
# during garbage collection; as a result, something like `plt.xkcd();
# gc.collect()` would result in the style being lost (as `xkcd()` is
# implemented on top of rc_context, and nothing is holding onto context
# manager except possibly circular references.
def __init__(self, rc=None, fname=None):
self._orig = rcParams.copy()
try:
if fname:
rc_file(fname)
if rc:
rcParams.update(rc)
except Exception:
self.__fallback()
raise
def __fallback(self):
# If anything goes wrong, revert to the original rcs.
updated_backend = self._orig['backend']
dict.update(rcParams, self._orig)
# except for the backend. If the context block triggered resolving
# the auto backend resolution keep that value around
if self._orig['backend'] is rcsetup._auto_backend_sentinel:
rcParams['backend'] = updated_backend
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
self.__fallback()
[docs]@cbook._rename_parameter("3.1", "arg", "backend")
def use(backend, warn=False, force=True):
"""
Select the backend used for rendering and GUI integration.
Parameters
----------
backend : str
The backend to switch to. This can either be one of the standard
backend names, which are case-insensitive:
- interactive backends:
GTK3Agg, GTK3Cairo, MacOSX, nbAgg,
Qt4Agg, Qt4Cairo, Qt5Agg, Qt5Cairo,
TkAgg, TkCairo, WebAgg, WX, WXAgg, WXCairo
- non-interactive backends:
agg, cairo, pdf, pgf, ps, svg, template
or a string of the form: ``module://my.module.name``.
warn : bool, optional, default: False
If True and not *force*, warn that the call will have no effect if
this is called after pyplot has been imported and a backend is set up.
force : bool, optional, default: True
If True, attempt to switch the backend. An ImportError is raised if
an interactive backend is selected, but another interactive
backend has already started.
See Also
--------
:ref:`backends`
matplotlib.get_backend
"""
name = validate_backend(backend)
if dict.__getitem__(rcParams, 'backend') == name:
# Nothing to do if the requested backend is already set
pass
elif 'matplotlib.pyplot' in sys.modules:
# pyplot has already been imported (which triggered backend selection)
# and the requested backend is different from the current one.
# If we are going to force the switch, never warn, else, if warn
# is True, then direct users to `plt.switch_backend`
if (not force) and warn:
cbook._warn_external(
"matplotlib.pyplot has already been imported, "
"this call will have no effect.")
# if we are going to force switching the backend, pull in
# `switch_backend` from pyplot. This will only happen if
# pyplot is already imported.
if force:
from matplotlib.pyplot import switch_backend
switch_backend(name)
else:
# Finally if pyplot is not imported update both rcParams and
# rcDefaults so restoring the defaults later with rcdefaults
# won't change the backend. This is a bit of overkill as 'backend'
# is already in style.core.STYLE_BLACKLIST, but better to be safe.
rcParams['backend'] = rcParamsDefault['backend'] = name
if os.environ.get('MPLBACKEND'):
rcParams['backend'] = os.environ.get('MPLBACKEND')
[docs]def get_backend():
"""
Return the name of the current backend.
See Also
--------
matplotlib.use
"""
return rcParams['backend']
[docs]def interactive(b):
"""
Set interactive mode to boolean b.
If b is True, then draw after every plotting command, e.g., after xlabel
"""
rcParams['interactive'] = b
[docs]def is_interactive():
'Return true if plot mode is interactive'
return rcParams['interactive']
@cbook.deprecated("3.1", alternative="rcParams['tk.window_focus']")
def tk_window_focus():
"""Return true if focus maintenance under TkAgg on win32 is on.
This currently works only for python.exe and IPython.exe.
Both IDLE and Pythonwin.exe fail badly when tk_window_focus is on."""
if rcParams['backend'] != 'TkAgg':
return False
return rcParams['tk.window_focus']
default_test_modules = [
'matplotlib.tests',
'matplotlib.sphinxext.tests',
'mpl_toolkits.tests',
]
def _init_tests():
# CPython's faulthandler since v3.6 handles exceptions on Windows
# https://bugs.python.org/issue23848 but until v3.6.4 it was printing
# non-fatal exceptions https://bugs.python.org/issue30557
import platform
if not (sys.platform == 'win32' and
(3, 6) < sys.version_info < (3, 6, 4) and
platform.python_implementation() == 'CPython'):
import faulthandler
faulthandler.enable()
# The version of FreeType to install locally for running the
# tests. This must match the value in `setupext.py`
LOCAL_FREETYPE_VERSION = '2.6.1'
from matplotlib import ft2font
if (ft2font.__freetype_version__ != LOCAL_FREETYPE_VERSION or
ft2font.__freetype_build_type__ != 'local'):
_log.warning(
"Matplotlib is not built with the correct FreeType version to run "
"tests. Set local_freetype=True in setup.cfg and rebuild. "
"Expect many image comparison failures below. "
"Expected freetype version {0}. "
"Found freetype version {1}. "
"Freetype build type is {2}local".format(
LOCAL_FREETYPE_VERSION,
ft2font.__freetype_version__,
"" if ft2font.__freetype_build_type__ == 'local' else "not "))
try:
import pytest
except ImportError:
print("matplotlib.test requires pytest to run.")
raise
def test(verbosity=None, coverage=False, switch_backend_warn=True,
recursionlimit=0, **kwargs):
"""Run the matplotlib test suite."""
_init_tests()
if not os.path.isdir(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'tests')):
raise ImportError("Matplotlib test data is not installed")
old_backend = get_backend()
old_recursionlimit = sys.getrecursionlimit()
try:
use('agg')
if recursionlimit:
sys.setrecursionlimit(recursionlimit)
import pytest
args = kwargs.pop('argv', [])
provide_default_modules = True
use_pyargs = True
for arg in args:
if any(arg.startswith(module_path)
for module_path in default_test_modules):
provide_default_modules = False
break
if os.path.exists(arg):
provide_default_modules = False
use_pyargs = False
break
if use_pyargs:
args += ['--pyargs']
if provide_default_modules:
args += default_test_modules
if coverage:
args += ['--cov']
if verbosity:
args += ['-' + 'v' * verbosity]
retcode = pytest.main(args, **kwargs)
finally:
if old_backend.lower() != 'agg':
use(old_backend, warn=switch_backend_warn)
if recursionlimit:
sys.setrecursionlimit(old_recursionlimit)
return retcode
test.__test__ = False # pytest: this function is not a test
def _replacer(data, value):
"""
Either returns ``data[value]`` or passes ``data`` back, converts either to
a sequence.
"""
try:
# if key isn't a string don't bother
if isinstance(value, str):
# try to use __getitem__
value = data[value]
except Exception:
# key does not exist, silently fall back to key
pass
return sanitize_sequence(value)
def _label_from_arg(y, default_name):
try:
return y.name
except AttributeError:
if isinstance(default_name, str):
return default_name
return None
_DATA_DOC_TITLE = """
Notes
-----
"""
_DATA_DOC_APPENDIX = """
.. note::
In addition to the above described arguments, this function can take a
**data** keyword argument. If such a **data** argument is given, the
following arguments are replaced by **data[<arg>]**:
{replaced}
Objects passed as **data** must support item access (``data[<arg>]``) and
membership test (``<arg> in data``).
"""
def _add_data_doc(docstring, replace_names):
"""Add documentation for a *data* field to the given docstring.
Parameters
----------
docstring : str
The input docstring.
replace_names : list of str or None
The list of parameter names which arguments should be replaced by
``data[name]`` (if ``data[name]`` does not throw an exception). If
None, replacement is attempted for all arguments.
Returns
-------
The augmented docstring.
"""
docstring = inspect.cleandoc(docstring) if docstring is not None else ""
repl = ("* All positional and all keyword arguments."
if replace_names is None else
""
if len(replace_names) == 0 else
"* All arguments with the following names: {}.".format(
", ".join(map(repr, sorted(replace_names)))))
addendum = _DATA_DOC_APPENDIX.format(replaced=repl)
if _DATA_DOC_TITLE not in docstring:
addendum = _DATA_DOC_TITLE + addendum
return docstring + addendum
def _preprocess_data(func=None, *, replace_names=None, label_namer=None):
"""
A decorator to add a 'data' kwarg to a function.
::
@_preprocess_data()
def func(ax, *args, **kwargs): ...
is a function with signature ``decorated(ax, *args, data=None, **kwargs)``
with the following behavior:
- if called with ``data=None``, forward the other arguments to ``func``;
- otherwise, *data* must be a mapping; for any argument passed in as a
string ``name``, replace the argument by ``data[name]`` (if this does not
throw an exception), then forward the arguments to ``func``.
In either case, any argument that is a `MappingView` is also converted to a
list.
Parameters
----------
replace_names : list of str or None, optional, default: None
The list of parameter names for which lookup into *data* should be
attempted. If None, replacement is attempted for all arguments.
label_namer : string, optional, default: None
If set e.g. to "namer" (which must be a kwarg in the function's
signature -- not as ``**kwargs``), if the *namer* argument passed in is
a (string) key of *data* and no *label* kwarg is passed, then use the
(string) value of the *namer* as *label*. ::
@_preprocess_data(label_namer="foo")
def func(foo, label=None): ...
func("key", data={"key": value})
# is equivalent to
func.__wrapped__(value, label="key")
"""
if func is None: # Return the actual decorator.
return functools.partial(
_preprocess_data,
replace_names=replace_names, label_namer=label_namer)
sig = inspect.signature(func)
varargs_name = None
varkwargs_name = None
arg_names = []
params = list(sig.parameters.values())
for p in params:
if p.kind is Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
varargs_name = p.name
elif p.kind is Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD:
varkwargs_name = p.name
else:
arg_names.append(p.name)
data_param = Parameter("data", Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, default=None)
if varkwargs_name:
params.insert(-1, data_param)
else:
params.append(data_param)
new_sig = sig.replace(parameters=params)
arg_names = arg_names[1:] # remove the first "ax" / self arg
if replace_names is not None:
replace_names = set(replace_names)
assert (replace_names or set()) <= set(arg_names) or varkwargs_name, (
"Matplotlib internal error: invalid replace_names ({!r}) for {!r}"
.format(replace_names, func.__name__))
assert label_namer is None or label_namer in arg_names, (
"Matplotlib internal error: invalid label_namer ({!r}) for {!r}"
.format(label_namer, func.__name__))
@functools.wraps(func)
def inner(ax, *args, data=None, **kwargs):
if data is None:
return func(ax, *map(sanitize_sequence, args), **kwargs)
bound = new_sig.bind(ax, *args, **kwargs)
needs_label = (label_namer
and "label" not in bound.arguments
and "label" not in bound.kwargs)
auto_label = (bound.arguments.get(label_namer)
or bound.kwargs.get(label_namer))
for k, v in bound.arguments.items():
if k == varkwargs_name:
for k1, v1 in v.items():
if replace_names is None or k1 in replace_names:
v[k1] = _replacer(data, v1)
elif k == varargs_name:
if replace_names is None:
bound.arguments[k] = tuple(_replacer(data, v1) for v1 in v)
else:
if replace_names is None or k in replace_names:
bound.arguments[k] = _replacer(data, v)
bound.apply_defaults()
del bound.arguments["data"]
if needs_label:
all_kwargs = {**bound.arguments, **bound.kwargs}
# label_namer will be in all_kwargs as we asserted above that
# `label_namer is None or label_namer in arg_names`.
label = _label_from_arg(all_kwargs[label_namer], auto_label)
if "label" in arg_names:
bound.arguments["label"] = label
try:
bound.arguments.move_to_end(varkwargs_name)
except KeyError:
pass
else:
bound.arguments.setdefault(varkwargs_name, {})["label"] = label
return func(*bound.args, **bound.kwargs)
inner.__doc__ = _add_data_doc(inner.__doc__, replace_names)
inner.__signature__ = new_sig
return inner
_log.debug('matplotlib version %s', __version__)
_log.debug('interactive is %s', is_interactive())
_log.debug('platform is %s', sys.platform)
_log.debug('loaded modules: %s', list(sys.modules))