You are reading an old version of the documentation (v3.0.2). For the latest version see https://matplotlib.org/stable/
Version 3.0.2
matplotlib
Fork me on GitHub

Source code for matplotlib.backends.backend_cairo

"""
A Cairo backend for matplotlib
==============================
:Author: Steve Chaplin and others

This backend depends on cairocffi or pycairo.
"""

import copy
import gzip
import sys
import warnings

import numpy as np

# cairocffi is more widely compatible than pycairo (in particular pgi only
# works with cairocffi) so try it first.
try:
    import cairocffi as cairo
except ImportError:
    try:
        import cairo
    except ImportError:
        raise ImportError("cairo backend requires that cairocffi or pycairo "
                          "is installed")
    else:
        if cairo.version_info < (1, 11, 0):
            # Introduced create_for_data for Py3.
            raise ImportError(
                "cairo {} is installed; cairo>=1.11.0 is required"
                .format(cairo.version))

backend_version = cairo.version

from .. import cbook
from matplotlib.backend_bases import (
    _Backend, FigureCanvasBase, FigureManagerBase, GraphicsContextBase,
    RendererBase)
from matplotlib.font_manager import ttfFontProperty
from matplotlib.mathtext import MathTextParser
from matplotlib.path import Path
from matplotlib.transforms import Affine2D


if cairo.__name__ == "cairocffi":
    # Convert a pycairo context to a cairocffi one.
    def _to_context(ctx):
        if not isinstance(ctx, cairo.Context):
            ctx = cairo.Context._from_pointer(
                cairo.ffi.cast(
                    'cairo_t **',
                    id(ctx) + object.__basicsize__)[0],
                incref=True)
        return ctx
else:
    # Pass-through a pycairo context.
    def _to_context(ctx):
        return ctx


[docs]@cbook.deprecated("3.0") class ArrayWrapper: """Thin wrapper around numpy ndarray to expose the interface expected by cairocffi. Basically replicates the array.array interface. """ def __init__(self, myarray): self.__array = myarray self.__data = myarray.ctypes.data self.__size = len(myarray.flatten()) self.itemsize = myarray.itemsize
[docs] def buffer_info(self): return (self.__data, self.__size)
# Mapping from Matplotlib Path codes to cairo path codes. _MPL_TO_CAIRO_PATH_TYPE = np.zeros(80, dtype=int) # CLOSEPOLY = 79. _MPL_TO_CAIRO_PATH_TYPE[Path.MOVETO] = cairo.PATH_MOVE_TO _MPL_TO_CAIRO_PATH_TYPE[Path.LINETO] = cairo.PATH_LINE_TO _MPL_TO_CAIRO_PATH_TYPE[Path.CURVE4] = cairo.PATH_CURVE_TO _MPL_TO_CAIRO_PATH_TYPE[Path.CLOSEPOLY] = cairo.PATH_CLOSE_PATH # Sizes in cairo_path_data_t of each cairo path element. _CAIRO_PATH_TYPE_SIZES = np.zeros(4, dtype=int) _CAIRO_PATH_TYPE_SIZES[cairo.PATH_MOVE_TO] = 2 _CAIRO_PATH_TYPE_SIZES[cairo.PATH_LINE_TO] = 2 _CAIRO_PATH_TYPE_SIZES[cairo.PATH_CURVE_TO] = 4 _CAIRO_PATH_TYPE_SIZES[cairo.PATH_CLOSE_PATH] = 1 def _append_paths_slow(ctx, paths, transforms, clip=None): for path, transform in zip(paths, transforms): for points, code in path.iter_segments( transform, remove_nans=True, clip=clip): if code == Path.MOVETO: ctx.move_to(*points) elif code == Path.CLOSEPOLY: ctx.close_path() elif code == Path.LINETO: ctx.line_to(*points) elif code == Path.CURVE3: cur = ctx.get_current_point() ctx.curve_to( *np.concatenate([cur / 3 + points[:2] * 2 / 3, points[:2] * 2 / 3 + points[-2:] / 3])) elif code == Path.CURVE4: ctx.curve_to(*points) def _append_paths_fast(ctx, paths, transforms, clip=None): # We directly convert to the internal representation used by cairo, for # which ABI compatibility is guaranteed. The layout for each item is # --CODE(4)-- -LENGTH(4)- ---------PAD(8)--------- # ----------X(8)---------- ----------Y(8)---------- # with the size in bytes in parentheses, and (X, Y) repeated as many times # as there are points for the current code. ffi = cairo.ffi # Convert curves to segment, so that 1. we don't have to handle # variable-sized CURVE-n codes, and 2. we don't have to implement degree # elevation for quadratic Beziers. cleaneds = [path.cleaned(transform, remove_nans=True, clip=clip) for path, transform in zip(paths, transforms)] vertices = np.concatenate([cleaned.vertices for cleaned in cleaneds]) codes = np.concatenate([cleaned.codes for cleaned in cleaneds]) # Remove unused vertices and convert to cairo codes. Note that unlike # cairo_close_path, we do not explicitly insert an extraneous MOVE_TO after # CLOSE_PATH, so our resulting buffer may be smaller. vertices = vertices[(codes != Path.STOP) & (codes != Path.CLOSEPOLY)] codes = codes[codes != Path.STOP] codes = _MPL_TO_CAIRO_PATH_TYPE[codes] # Where are the headers of each cairo portions? cairo_type_sizes = _CAIRO_PATH_TYPE_SIZES[codes] cairo_type_positions = np.insert(np.cumsum(cairo_type_sizes), 0, 0) cairo_num_data = cairo_type_positions[-1] cairo_type_positions = cairo_type_positions[:-1] # Fill the buffer. buf = np.empty(cairo_num_data * 16, np.uint8) as_int = np.frombuffer(buf.data, np.int32) as_int[::4][cairo_type_positions] = codes as_int[1::4][cairo_type_positions] = cairo_type_sizes as_float = np.frombuffer(buf.data, np.float64) mask = np.ones_like(as_float, bool) mask[::2][cairo_type_positions] = mask[1::2][cairo_type_positions] = False as_float[mask] = vertices.ravel() # Construct the cairo_path_t, and pass it to the context. ptr = ffi.new("cairo_path_t *") ptr.status = cairo.STATUS_SUCCESS ptr.data = ffi.cast("cairo_path_data_t *", ffi.from_buffer(buf)) ptr.num_data = cairo_num_data cairo.cairo.cairo_append_path(ctx._pointer, ptr) _append_paths = (_append_paths_fast if cairo.__name__ == "cairocffi" else _append_paths_slow) def _append_path(ctx, path, transform, clip=None): return _append_paths(ctx, [path], [transform], clip)
[docs]class RendererCairo(RendererBase): fontweights = { 100 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 200 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 300 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 400 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 500 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 600 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, 700 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, 800 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, 900 : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, 'ultralight' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 'light' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 'normal' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 'medium' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 'regular' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_NORMAL, 'semibold' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, 'bold' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, 'heavy' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, 'ultrabold' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, 'black' : cairo.FONT_WEIGHT_BOLD, } fontangles = { 'italic' : cairo.FONT_SLANT_ITALIC, 'normal' : cairo.FONT_SLANT_NORMAL, 'oblique' : cairo.FONT_SLANT_OBLIQUE, } def __init__(self, dpi): self.dpi = dpi self.gc = GraphicsContextCairo(renderer=self) self.text_ctx = cairo.Context( cairo.ImageSurface(cairo.FORMAT_ARGB32, 1, 1)) self.mathtext_parser = MathTextParser('Cairo') RendererBase.__init__(self)
[docs] def set_ctx_from_surface(self, surface): self.gc.ctx = cairo.Context(surface)
# Although it may appear natural to automatically call # `self.set_width_height(surface.get_width(), surface.get_height())` # here (instead of having the caller do so separately), this would fail # for PDF/PS/SVG surfaces, which have no way to report their extents.
[docs] def set_width_height(self, width, height): self.width = width self.height = height
def _fill_and_stroke(self, ctx, fill_c, alpha, alpha_overrides): if fill_c is not None: ctx.save() if len(fill_c) == 3 or alpha_overrides: ctx.set_source_rgba(fill_c[0], fill_c[1], fill_c[2], alpha) else: ctx.set_source_rgba(fill_c[0], fill_c[1], fill_c[2], fill_c[3]) ctx.fill_preserve() ctx.restore() ctx.stroke()
[docs] @staticmethod @cbook.deprecated("3.0") def convert_path(ctx, path, transform, clip=None): _append_path(ctx, path, transform, clip)
[docs] def draw_path(self, gc, path, transform, rgbFace=None): ctx = gc.ctx # Clip the path to the actual rendering extents if it isn't filled. clip = (ctx.clip_extents() if rgbFace is None and gc.get_hatch() is None else None) transform = (transform + Affine2D().scale(1, -1).translate(0, self.height)) ctx.new_path() _append_path(ctx, path, transform, clip) self._fill_and_stroke( ctx, rgbFace, gc.get_alpha(), gc.get_forced_alpha())
[docs] def draw_markers(self, gc, marker_path, marker_trans, path, transform, rgbFace=None): ctx = gc.ctx ctx.new_path() # Create the path for the marker; it needs to be flipped here already! _append_path(ctx, marker_path, marker_trans + Affine2D().scale(1, -1)) marker_path = ctx.copy_path_flat() # Figure out whether the path has a fill x1, y1, x2, y2 = ctx.fill_extents() if x1 == 0 and y1 == 0 and x2 == 0 and y2 == 0: filled = False # No fill, just unset this (so we don't try to fill it later on) rgbFace = None else: filled = True transform = (transform + Affine2D().scale(1, -1).translate(0, self.height)) ctx.new_path() for i, (vertices, codes) in enumerate( path.iter_segments(transform, simplify=False)): if len(vertices): x, y = vertices[-2:] ctx.save() # Translate and apply path ctx.translate(x, y) ctx.append_path(marker_path) ctx.restore() # Slower code path if there is a fill; we need to draw # the fill and stroke for each marker at the same time. # Also flush out the drawing every once in a while to # prevent the paths from getting way too long. if filled or i % 1000 == 0: self._fill_and_stroke( ctx, rgbFace, gc.get_alpha(), gc.get_forced_alpha()) # Fast path, if there is no fill, draw everything in one step if not filled: self._fill_and_stroke( ctx, rgbFace, gc.get_alpha(), gc.get_forced_alpha())
[docs] def draw_path_collection( self, gc, master_transform, paths, all_transforms, offsets, offsetTrans, facecolors, edgecolors, linewidths, linestyles, antialiaseds, urls, offset_position): path_ids = [] for path, transform in self._iter_collection_raw_paths( master_transform, paths, all_transforms): path_ids.append((path, Affine2D(transform))) reuse_key = None grouped_draw = [] def _draw_paths(): if not grouped_draw: return gc_vars, rgb_fc = reuse_key gc = copy.copy(gc0) # We actually need to call the setters to reset the internal state. vars(gc).update(gc_vars) for k, v in gc_vars.items(): if k == "_linestyle": # Deprecated, no effect. continue try: getattr(gc, "set" + k)(v) except (AttributeError, TypeError) as e: pass gc.ctx.new_path() paths, transforms = zip(*grouped_draw) grouped_draw.clear() _append_paths(gc.ctx, paths, transforms) self._fill_and_stroke( gc.ctx, rgb_fc, gc.get_alpha(), gc.get_forced_alpha()) for xo, yo, path_id, gc0, rgb_fc in self._iter_collection( gc, master_transform, all_transforms, path_ids, offsets, offsetTrans, facecolors, edgecolors, linewidths, linestyles, antialiaseds, urls, offset_position): path, transform = path_id transform = (Affine2D(transform.get_matrix()) .translate(xo, yo - self.height).scale(1, -1)) # rgb_fc could be a ndarray, for which equality is elementwise. new_key = vars(gc0), tuple(rgb_fc) if rgb_fc is not None else None if new_key == reuse_key: grouped_draw.append((path, transform)) else: _draw_paths() grouped_draw.append((path, transform)) reuse_key = new_key _draw_paths()
[docs] def draw_image(self, gc, x, y, im): im = cbook._unmultiplied_rgba8888_to_premultiplied_argb32(im[::-1]) surface = cairo.ImageSurface.create_for_data( im.ravel().data, cairo.FORMAT_ARGB32, im.shape[1], im.shape[0], im.shape[1] * 4) ctx = gc.ctx y = self.height - y - im.shape[0] ctx.save() ctx.set_source_surface(surface, float(x), float(y)) ctx.paint() ctx.restore()
[docs] def draw_text(self, gc, x, y, s, prop, angle, ismath=False, mtext=None): # Note: x,y are device/display coords, not user-coords, unlike other # draw_* methods if ismath: self._draw_mathtext(gc, x, y, s, prop, angle) else: ctx = gc.ctx ctx.new_path() ctx.move_to(x, y) ctx.select_font_face(prop.get_name(), self.fontangles[prop.get_style()], self.fontweights[prop.get_weight()]) size = prop.get_size_in_points() * self.dpi / 72.0 ctx.save() if angle: ctx.rotate(np.deg2rad(-angle)) ctx.set_font_size(size) ctx.show_text(s) ctx.restore()
def _draw_mathtext(self, gc, x, y, s, prop, angle): ctx = gc.ctx width, height, descent, glyphs, rects = self.mathtext_parser.parse( s, self.dpi, prop) ctx.save() ctx.translate(x, y) if angle: ctx.rotate(np.deg2rad(-angle)) for font, fontsize, s, ox, oy in glyphs: ctx.new_path() ctx.move_to(ox, oy) fontProp = ttfFontProperty(font) ctx.select_font_face(fontProp.name, self.fontangles[fontProp.style], self.fontweights[fontProp.weight]) size = fontsize * self.dpi / 72.0 ctx.set_font_size(size) ctx.show_text(s) for ox, oy, w, h in rects: ctx.new_path() ctx.rectangle(ox, oy, w, h) ctx.set_source_rgb(0, 0, 0) ctx.fill_preserve() ctx.restore()
[docs] def get_canvas_width_height(self): return self.width, self.height
[docs] def get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath): if ismath: width, height, descent, fonts, used_characters = \ self.mathtext_parser.parse(s, self.dpi, prop) return width, height, descent ctx = self.text_ctx ctx.save() ctx.select_font_face(prop.get_name(), self.fontangles[prop.get_style()], self.fontweights[prop.get_weight()]) # Cairo (says it) uses 1/96 inch user space units, ref: cairo_gstate.c # but if /96.0 is used the font is too small size = prop.get_size_in_points() * self.dpi / 72 # problem - scale remembers last setting and font can become # enormous causing program to crash # save/restore prevents the problem ctx.set_font_size(size) y_bearing, w, h = ctx.text_extents(s)[1:4] ctx.restore() return w, h, h + y_bearing
[docs] def new_gc(self): self.gc.ctx.save() self.gc._alpha = 1 self.gc._forced_alpha = False # if True, _alpha overrides A from RGBA return self.gc
[docs] def points_to_pixels(self, points): return points / 72 * self.dpi
[docs]class GraphicsContextCairo(GraphicsContextBase): _joind = { 'bevel' : cairo.LINE_JOIN_BEVEL, 'miter' : cairo.LINE_JOIN_MITER, 'round' : cairo.LINE_JOIN_ROUND, } _capd = { 'butt' : cairo.LINE_CAP_BUTT, 'projecting' : cairo.LINE_CAP_SQUARE, 'round' : cairo.LINE_CAP_ROUND, } def __init__(self, renderer): GraphicsContextBase.__init__(self) self.renderer = renderer
[docs] def restore(self): self.ctx.restore()
[docs] def set_alpha(self, alpha): GraphicsContextBase.set_alpha(self, alpha) _alpha = self.get_alpha() rgb = self._rgb if self.get_forced_alpha(): self.ctx.set_source_rgba(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], _alpha) else: self.ctx.set_source_rgba(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], rgb[3])
# def set_antialiased(self, b): # cairo has many antialiasing modes, we need to pick one for True and # one for False.
[docs] def set_capstyle(self, cs): if cs in ('butt', 'round', 'projecting'): self._capstyle = cs self.ctx.set_line_cap(self._capd[cs]) else: raise ValueError('Unrecognized cap style. Found %s' % cs)
[docs] def set_clip_rectangle(self, rectangle): if not rectangle: return x, y, w, h = np.round(rectangle.bounds) ctx = self.ctx ctx.new_path() ctx.rectangle(x, self.renderer.height - h - y, w, h) ctx.clip()
[docs] def set_clip_path(self, path): if not path: return tpath, affine = path.get_transformed_path_and_affine() ctx = self.ctx ctx.new_path() affine = (affine + Affine2D().scale(1, -1).translate(0, self.renderer.height)) _append_path(ctx, tpath, affine) ctx.clip()
[docs] def set_dashes(self, offset, dashes): self._dashes = offset, dashes if dashes is None: self.ctx.set_dash([], 0) # switch dashes off else: self.ctx.set_dash( list(self.renderer.points_to_pixels(np.asarray(dashes))), offset)
[docs] def set_foreground(self, fg, isRGBA=None): GraphicsContextBase.set_foreground(self, fg, isRGBA) if len(self._rgb) == 3: self.ctx.set_source_rgb(*self._rgb) else: self.ctx.set_source_rgba(*self._rgb)
[docs] def get_rgb(self): return self.ctx.get_source().get_rgba()[:3]
[docs] def set_joinstyle(self, js): if js in ('miter', 'round', 'bevel'): self._joinstyle = js self.ctx.set_line_join(self._joind[js]) else: raise ValueError('Unrecognized join style. Found %s' % js)
[docs] def set_linewidth(self, w): self._linewidth = float(w) self.ctx.set_line_width(self.renderer.points_to_pixels(w))
[docs]class FigureCanvasCairo(FigureCanvasBase): supports_blit = False
[docs] def print_png(self, fobj, *args, **kwargs): self._get_printed_image_surface().write_to_png(fobj)
[docs] def print_rgba(self, fobj, *args, **kwargs): width, height = self.get_width_height() buf = self._get_printed_image_surface().get_data() fobj.write(cbook._premultiplied_argb32_to_unmultiplied_rgba8888( np.asarray(buf).reshape((width, height, 4))))
print_raw = print_rgba def _get_printed_image_surface(self): width, height = self.get_width_height() renderer = RendererCairo(self.figure.dpi) renderer.set_width_height(width, height) surface = cairo.ImageSurface(cairo.FORMAT_ARGB32, width, height) renderer.set_ctx_from_surface(surface) self.figure.draw(renderer) return surface
[docs] def print_pdf(self, fobj, *args, **kwargs): return self._save(fobj, 'pdf', *args, **kwargs)
[docs] def print_ps(self, fobj, *args, **kwargs): return self._save(fobj, 'ps', *args, **kwargs)
[docs] def print_svg(self, fobj, *args, **kwargs): return self._save(fobj, 'svg', *args, **kwargs)
[docs] def print_svgz(self, fobj, *args, **kwargs): return self._save(fobj, 'svgz', *args, **kwargs)
def _save(self, fo, fmt, **kwargs): # save PDF/PS/SVG orientation = kwargs.get('orientation', 'portrait') dpi = 72 self.figure.dpi = dpi w_in, h_in = self.figure.get_size_inches() width_in_points, height_in_points = w_in * dpi, h_in * dpi if orientation == 'landscape': width_in_points, height_in_points = ( height_in_points, width_in_points) if fmt == 'ps': if not hasattr(cairo, 'PSSurface'): raise RuntimeError('cairo has not been compiled with PS ' 'support enabled') surface = cairo.PSSurface(fo, width_in_points, height_in_points) elif fmt == 'pdf': if not hasattr(cairo, 'PDFSurface'): raise RuntimeError('cairo has not been compiled with PDF ' 'support enabled') surface = cairo.PDFSurface(fo, width_in_points, height_in_points) elif fmt in ('svg', 'svgz'): if not hasattr(cairo, 'SVGSurface'): raise RuntimeError('cairo has not been compiled with SVG ' 'support enabled') if fmt == 'svgz': if isinstance(fo, str): fo = gzip.GzipFile(fo, 'wb') else: fo = gzip.GzipFile(None, 'wb', fileobj=fo) surface = cairo.SVGSurface(fo, width_in_points, height_in_points) else: warnings.warn("unknown format: %s" % fmt, stacklevel=2) return # surface.set_dpi() can be used renderer = RendererCairo(self.figure.dpi) renderer.set_width_height(width_in_points, height_in_points) renderer.set_ctx_from_surface(surface) ctx = renderer.gc.ctx if orientation == 'landscape': ctx.rotate(np.pi / 2) ctx.translate(0, -height_in_points) # Perhaps add an '%%Orientation: Landscape' comment? self.figure.draw(renderer) ctx.show_page() surface.finish() if fmt == 'svgz': fo.close()
@_Backend.export class _BackendCairo(_Backend): FigureCanvas = FigureCanvasCairo FigureManager = FigureManagerBase