.. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note Click :ref:`here ` to download the full example code .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_gallery_images_contours_and_fields_image_demo.py: ========== Image Demo ========== Many ways to plot images in Matplotlib. The most common way to plot images in Matplotlib is with :meth:`~.axes.Axes.imshow`. The following examples demonstrate much of the functionality of imshow and the many images you can create. .. code-block:: python from __future__ import print_function import numpy as np import matplotlib.cm as cm import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import matplotlib.cbook as cbook from matplotlib.path import Path from matplotlib.patches import PathPatch First we'll generate a simple bivariate normal distribution. .. code-block:: python delta = 0.025 x = y = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta) X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y) Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2) Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2) Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2 fig, ax = plt.subplots() im = ax.imshow(Z, interpolation='bilinear', cmap=cm.RdYlGn, origin='lower', extent=[-3, 3, -3, 3], vmax=abs(Z).max(), vmin=-abs(Z).max()) plt.show() .. image:: /gallery/images_contours_and_fields/images/sphx_glr_image_demo_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img It is also possible to show images of pictures. .. code-block:: python # A sample image with cbook.get_sample_data('ada.png') as image_file: image = plt.imread(image_file) fig, ax = plt.subplots() ax.imshow(image) ax.axis('off') # clear x-axis and y-axis # And another image w, h = 512, 512 with cbook.get_sample_data('ct.raw.gz', asfileobj=True) as datafile: s = datafile.read() A = np.fromstring(s, np.uint16).astype(float).reshape((w, h)) A /= A.max() fig, ax = plt.subplots() extent = (0, 25, 0, 25) im = ax.imshow(A, cmap=plt.cm.hot, origin='upper', extent=extent) markers = [(15.9, 14.5), (16.8, 15)] x, y = zip(*markers) ax.plot(x, y, 'o') ax.set_title('CT density') plt.show() .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-horizontal * .. image:: /gallery/images_contours_and_fields/images/sphx_glr_image_demo_002.png :class: sphx-glr-multi-img * .. image:: /gallery/images_contours_and_fields/images/sphx_glr_image_demo_003.png :class: sphx-glr-multi-img Interpolating images -------------------- It is also possible to interpolate images before displaying them. Be careful, as this may manipulate the way your data looks, but it can be helpful for achieving the look you want. Below we'll display the same (small) array, interpolated with three different interpolation methods. The center of the pixel at A[i,j] is plotted at i+0.5, i+0.5. If you are using interpolation='nearest', the region bounded by (i,j) and (i+1,j+1) will have the same color. If you are using interpolation, the pixel center will have the same color as it does with nearest, but other pixels will be interpolated between the neighboring pixels. Earlier versions of matplotlib (<0.63) tried to hide the edge effects from you by setting the view limits so that they would not be visible. A recent bugfix in antigrain, and a new implementation in the matplotlib._image module which takes advantage of this fix, no longer makes this necessary. To prevent edge effects, when doing interpolation, the matplotlib._image module now pads the input array with identical pixels around the edge. e.g., if you have a 5x5 array with colors a-y as below:: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y the _image module creates the padded array,:: a a b c d e e a a b c d e e f f g h i j j k k l m n o o p p q r s t t o u v w x y y o u v w x y y does the interpolation/resizing, and then extracts the central region. This allows you to plot the full range of your array w/o edge effects, and for example to layer multiple images of different sizes over one another with different interpolation methods - see :doc:`/gallery/images_contours_and_fields/layer_images`. It also implies a performance hit, as this new temporary, padded array must be created. Sophisticated interpolation also implies a performance hit, so if you need maximal performance or have very large images, interpolation='nearest' is suggested. .. code-block:: python A = np.random.rand(5, 5) fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(10, 3)) for ax, interp in zip(axs, ['nearest', 'bilinear', 'bicubic']): ax.imshow(A, interpolation=interp) ax.set_title(interp.capitalize()) ax.grid(True) plt.show() .. image:: /gallery/images_contours_and_fields/images/sphx_glr_image_demo_004.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img You can specify whether images should be plotted with the array origin x[0,0] in the upper left or lower right by using the origin parameter. You can also control the default setting image.origin in your :ref:`matplotlibrc file `. For more on this topic see the :doc:`complete guide on origin and extent `. .. code-block:: python x = np.arange(120).reshape((10, 12)) interp = 'bilinear' fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows=2, sharex=True, figsize=(3, 5)) axs[0].set_title('blue should be up') axs[0].imshow(x, origin='upper', interpolation=interp) axs[1].set_title('blue should be down') axs[1].imshow(x, origin='lower', interpolation=interp) plt.show() .. image:: /gallery/images_contours_and_fields/images/sphx_glr_image_demo_005.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img Finally, we'll show an image using a clip path. .. code-block:: python delta = 0.025 x = y = np.arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta) X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y) Z1 = np.exp(-X**2 - Y**2) Z2 = np.exp(-(X - 1)**2 - (Y - 1)**2) Z = (Z1 - Z2) * 2 path = Path([[0, 1], [1, 0], [0, -1], [-1, 0], [0, 1]]) patch = PathPatch(path, facecolor='none') fig, ax = plt.subplots() ax.add_patch(patch) im = ax.imshow(Z, interpolation='bilinear', cmap=cm.gray, origin='lower', extent=[-3, 3, -3, 3], clip_path=patch, clip_on=True) im.set_clip_path(patch) plt.show() .. image:: /gallery/images_contours_and_fields/images/sphx_glr_image_demo_006.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img ------------ References """""""""" The use of the following functions and methods is shown in this example: .. code-block:: python import matplotlib matplotlib.axes.Axes.imshow matplotlib.pyplot.imshow matplotlib.artist.Artist.set_clip_path matplotlib.patches.PathPatch .. _sphx_glr_download_gallery_images_contours_and_fields_image_demo.py: .. only :: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer :class: sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: sphx-glr-download :download:`Download Python source code: image_demo.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: image_demo.ipynb ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature Keywords: matplotlib code example, codex, python plot, pyplot `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_